In Old Testament rituals the offerer of an animal sacrifice laid his or her hand upon the head of the animal, thus identifying (or substituting) themselves with the animal.6 Though the laying on of a hand symbolised identification, it was not a literal identification since the offerer did not die. In Romans 12:1, however, the offerer is to become a sacrifice. Thus the difference between the two sacrifices is found in the relationship between the offerer and sacrifice. Furthermore, it is also problematic